By the early 1960s, Spanish authors moved towards a restless literary experimentation. By the mid-1950s, just as with the novel, a new generation which had only experienced the Spanish Civil War in childhood was coming of age. During the early dictatorship (1939–1955), literature followed dictator Francisco Franco's reactionary vision of a second, Catholic Spanish golden age. Among the handful of civil war poets and writers, Miguel Hernández stands out. The Spanish Civil War had a devastating impact on Spanish writing. Sender were equally experimental and academic. Novelists such as Benjamín Jarnés, Rosa Chacel, Francisco Ayala, and Ramón J. Poets were closely tied to formal academia. Around 1920 a younger group of writers-mostly poets-began publishing works that from their beginnings revealed the extent to which younger artists were absorbing the literary experimentation of the writers of 18. Leading voices include the poet Juan Ramón Jiménez, the academics and essayists Ramón Menéndez Pidal, Gregorio Marañon, Manuel Azaña, Eugeni d'Ors, and Ortega y Gasset, and the novelists Gabriel Miró, Ramón Pérez de Ayala, and Ramón Gómez de la Serna.
By the year 1914-the year of the outbreak of the First World War and of the publication of the first major work of the generation's leading voice, José Ortega y Gasset-a number of slightly younger writers had established their own place within the Spanish cultural field. A group of younger writers, among them Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, and José Martínez Ruiz (Azorín), made changes to literature's form and content. The destruction of Spain's fleet in Cuba by the U.S. In Modernism several currents appear: Parnasianism, Symbolism, Futurism, and Creationism. In Realism (end of the 19th century), which is mixed with Naturalism, important topics are the novel, with Juan Valera, José María de Pereda, Benito Pérez Galdós, Emilia Pardo Bazán, Leopoldo Alas (Clarín), Armando Palacio Valdés, and Vicente Blasco Ibáñez poetry, with Ramón de Campoamor, Gaspar Núñez de Arce, and other poets the theater, with José Echegaray, Manuel Tamayo y Baus, and other dramatists and the literary critics, emphasizing Menéndez Pelayo. In Romanticism (beginning of the 19th century) important topics are: the poetry of José de Espronceda and other poets prose the theater, with Ángel de Saavedra (Duke of Rivas), José Zorrilla, and other authors. In the Enlightenment era of the 18th century, notable works include the prose of Feijoo, Jovellanos, and Cadalso the lyric of Juan Meléndez Valdés, Tomás de Iriarte and Félix María Samaniego), and the theater, with Leandro Fernández de Moratín, Ramón de la Cruz, and Vicente García de la Huerta. In this novel Cervantes consolidated the form of literature that the picaresque novel had established in Spain to a fictional narrative that became the template for many novelists throughout the history of Spanish literature. A notable author was Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, famous for his masterpiece Don Quixote de la Mancha. In the Baroque era of the 17th century important works were the prose of Francisco de Quevedo and Baltasar Gracián. In the 16th century the first Spanish novels appeared, Lazarillo de Tormes and Guzmán de Alfarache. In the Renaissance important topics were poetry, religious literature, and prose. During the 15th century the pre-Renaissance occurred and literary production increased greatly. Lyric poetry in the Middle Ages includes popular poems and the courtly poetry of the nobles. Spanish prose gained popularity in the mid-thirteenth century. One of the notable works is the epic poem Cantar de Mio Cid, composed some time between 11. In medieval Spanish literature, the earliest recorded examples of a vernacular Romance-based literature mix Muslim, Jewish, and Christian culture. The arrival of Muslim invaders in 711 CE brought the cultures of the Middle and Far East. The Roman conquest and occupation of the Iberian peninsula beginning in the 3rd century BC brought a Latin culture to Spanish territories. 10.5 Witnessing the early dictatorship (1939–1955).10.2 The Generation of 1914 or Novecentismo.
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